Jaw ankylosis refers to a condition where the jaw joint becomes immobile due to various factors such as condyle fractures, trauma that disrupts the joint structure, tumors, or other causes. In the early stages, ankylosis occurs in the cartilage structure, limiting jaw movements. If left untreated, it can lead to ankylosis in the bone, causing the jaw joint to become completely locked.
As is well known, functions like speaking and chewing depend on the movement of the lower jaw. The lower jaw moves through the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Therefore, any problems with this joint leading to immobility or limited movement of the jaw are what defines jaw ankylosis. You can find further details on jaw ankylosis and other related topics below.
What is Jaw Ankylosis?
Jaw ankylosis is a condition where the movement of the jaw joint is partially or completely halted. It occurs due to abnormal growth of bone, adhesions, and fibrous tissues in the joint. This condition severely impacts the mouth’s opening and leads to a decreased quality of life. For individuals with limited mouth opening, understanding what jaw ankylosis is becomes crucial.
This condition can occur at any age but is more common in children and adolescents during their developmental stages. In some cases, alongside restricted mouth opening, issues like facial asymmetry may also develop. For this reason, patients should consult a jaw surgery specialist as soon as symptoms appear and begin the necessary treatment immediately.
There are different types of ankylosis, and details of these types are shown in the table below:
How Many Types of Ankylosis?
Type of Ankylosis
Explanation
Fibrotic Ankylosis
Caused by adhesions in the soft tissues within the joint. In these cases, joint mobility may still continue, albeit limited.
Ossification
Occurs when the cartilage in the joint turns to bone. This is the most common type of jaw ankylosis. It leads to significant movement restriction.
Extra-articular Ankylosis
Caused by hardening of tissues outside the joint.
Intra-articular Ankylosis
Caused by structures within the joint. It is one of the most serious types of ankylosis.
The presence of different types of ankylosis requires different diagnostic and treatment approaches.
Causes of Jaw Ankylosis
There are several causes of jaw ankylosis. Sometimes, a single factor may lead to this condition, while other times, multiple factors contribute to its development. Common causes of jaw ankylosis include:
Bruxism (Teeth Grinding)
Caused by stress and anxiety, this condition leads to the involuntary clenching of teeth, which puts excess pressure on the jaw joint, causing ankylosis.
Trauma to the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Fractures and dislocations in the TMJ can damage its structure and cause ankylosis.
Infections within the TMJ
Infections in the joint area increase the risk of developing ankylosis .
Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects
Abnormal growth of the lower jaw bone is one of the significant causes of ankylosis.
Tooth Loss or Improperly Placed Prosthetics
These conditions can cause the jaws to misalign, leading to joint problems over time.
Understanding the causes of jaw ankylosis is just as important as understanding what it is. Identifying and eliminating the underlying causes is key to preventing recurrence after treatment.
Symptoms of Jaw Ankylosis
Symptoms of jaw ankylosis vary depending on the patient’s age and the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:
Limited or complete immobility of the mouth opening
Stiffness in the jaw joint
Difficulty in chewing, speaking, swallowing, and breathing
Lower jaw displacement or facial asymmetry
Pain in the joint area
Clicking or popping sounds when moving the joint
Not all of these symptoms may be present in every case. However, if these symptoms are noticed, it is crucial to consider jaw ankylosis and seek an examination by an experienced jaw surgery specialist.
Treatment of Jaw Ankylosis
There are several treatment options for jaw ankylosis, often used in combination. The treatment methods include:
Surgical procedures aim to remove ossification, adhesions, and other problems within the joint using various techniques. Post-surgery, pain relief medications and antibiotics are prescribed to ensure a comfortable recovery process. Afterward, physical therapy begins.
Physical Therapy involves creating a personalized exercise program for patients to improve joint mobility. The primary goal is to increase the range of motion. Exercises strengthen the muscles around the joint, reducing the load on the joint and improving mobility. Additionally, depending on the patient’s needs, techniques like hot/cold therapy, ultrasound, and TENS may also be used. All these treatments are planned based on the causes and symptoms of jaw ankylosis.
Jaw Ankylosis Surgery Treatment
The most effective treatment for jaw ankylosis is surgical intervention. Depending on the cause and severity of the condition, different surgical procedures may be used. The main goal of these surgeries is to address ossification or adhesions. Some of the surgical methods include:
Arthroplasty
A surgical procedure that repairs and reshapes the joint surfaces. In this procedure, abnormal tissues causing adhesions or ossification are removed, restoring joint mobility.
Prosthetic Placement
This treatment is preferred in severe ankylosis cases. When the joint is too damaged to be repaired, all joint components are removed, and an artificial joint made of biocompatible materials like titanium is placed.
Fibrous Tissue Resection
This procedure involves removing fibrous tissues that have turned into bone, which is critical for restoring joint mobility.
Additionally, other procedures like double jaw surgery and osteotomy may be used. While these do not directly target the TMJ, they can help treat ankylosis in conjunction with other treatments.
Selecting an experienced surgeon is critical for the success of jaw ankylosis surgery. Among many skilled professionals, Prof. Dr. Celal Çandırlı is a well-experienced name in the field of jaw surgery. For more information on jaw ankylosis and TMJ surgery, you can contact us.
What Happens If Jaw Ankylosis Is Not Treated?
Jaw ankylosis must be treated as soon as it is detected. If left untreated, the adhesions and ossification in the joint will increase over time. As a result, the jaw will become completely locked, leading to serious issues with speaking, chewing, breathing, and swallowing. Additionally, aesthetic problems may arise. In growing individuals, untreated ankylosis can cause developmental issues.
Frequently Asked Questions About Jaw Ankylosis
What Are the Symptoms of Unilateral Jaw Dislocation?
Symptoms commonly include facial asymmetry, pain, and swelling in the joint area. Symptoms may vary depending on the individual.
What is Jaw Ankylosis?
Jaw ankylosis refers to the partial or complete limitation of jaw movement due to various causes such as ossification or adhesions in the joint. This leads to joint stiffness, which is one of the main answers to the question of what jaw ankylosis is.
What Type of Joint is the Lower Jaw Joint?
The lower jaw joint is a movable joint. It allows for up-and-down and side-to-side movements, which provide all the movement of the jaw.
Does the Lower Jaw Joint Move?
The lower jaw joint can move sideways and up and down. This movement is essential for functions like speaking, swallowing, breathing, and chewing. If there is a restriction in movement, it is likely due to a joint issue.
Is the Lower Jaw a Movable Joint?
Yes, the lower jaw is a movable joint. Health issues like ankylosis can limit or completely restrict its movement.
